Organic and Bio Research Formulations

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AquacultureAquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, and amphibians. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resource, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of capture fisheries.
Freshwater CultureBy freshwater culture is understood the cultivation of aquatic organisms where the end product is raised in freshwater, such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes, canals and groundwater, in which the salinity does not normally exceed 0.5‰. Earlier stages of the life cycle of these aquatic organisms may be spent in brackish or marine waters.
Brackishwater Culture By brackishwater culture is understood the cultivation of aquatic organisms where the end product is raised in brackishwater, such as estuaries, coves, bays, lagoons and fjords, in which the salinity may lie or generally fluctuate between 0.5‰ and full strength seawater. If these conditions do not exist or have no effect on cultural practices, production should be recorded under either "Freshwater culture" or "Mariculture". Earlier stages of the life cycle of these aquatic organisms may be spent in fresh or marine waters.
MaricultureBy mariculture is understood that the cultivation of the end product takes place in seawater, such as fjords, inshore and open waters and inland seas in which the salinity generally exceeds 20‰. Earlier stages in the life cycle of these aquatic organisms may be spent in brackishwater or freshwater.

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In India, two types of aquaculture are practiced. These are freshwater aquaculture and brackish water aquaculture.The water in which fish are farmed is important for the development of a good harvest. The farmer should monitor the level of water hardness, acidity/ alkalinity, contaminants, industrial chemicals and pesticides in the water. He should also see that there is enough dissolved oxygen in the water for the survival of aquatic life.

AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY

The systems and technology used in aquaculture has developed rapidly in the last fifty years. They vary from very simple facilities (e.g. family ponds for domestic consumption in tropical countries) to high technology systems (e.g. intensive closed systems for export production). Much of the technology used in aquaculture is relatively simple, often based on small modifications that improve the growth and survival rates of the target species, e.g. improving food, seeds, oxygen levels and protection from predators. Simple systems of small freshwater ponds, used for raising herbivorous and filter feeding fish, account for about half of global aquaculture production.

A greater understanding of complex interactions between nutrients, bacteria and cultured organisms, together with advances in hydrodynamics applied to pond and tank design, have enabled the development of closed systems. These have the advantage of isolating the aquaculture systems from natural aquatic systems, thus minimizing the risk of disease or genetic impacts on the external systems.

New developments

Developments in engineering, some adapted from offshore oil rig construction, increase the possibilities for a progressive offshore expansion of aquaculture using robust cages. Culture-based capture fisheries involving the release of young fish into the wild to improve harvest (an operation also referred to as restocking, stock enhancement or ranching) have existed for a long time for freshwater and anadromous species (e.g. salmon). Sea ranching, however, has just made a start but its long-term viability is being assessed. Advances have also been made in capture-based aquaculture involving the growing/fattening of young fish (e.g. tuna) captured from the wild. Potential conflicts with capture fisheries are being assessed. .

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Vibrio are important during hatchery rearing. Aquaculture phase and post-harvest quality of shrimps. Vibrio spp are of concern to shrimp farmers and hatchery operators because certain species can cause Vibriosis. Vibrio species are of concern to humans because certain species cause serious diseases.With the progress in aquaculture, intensive systems used for shrimp aquaculture create an artificial environment that increases bacterial growth. To maintain the productivity of such an intensive aquaculture, high inputs of fish protein have to be employed for feeding together with high levels of water exchange and the massive use of probiotics / chemicals. It seems that the combination of these conditions favours the proliferation of vibrios and enhances their virulence and disease prevalence. The risk of a microbial infection is high, mainly at larval stages. The effect and severity are related to Vibrio species and dose, water, feed, shrimp quality and aquaculture management.Consumption of seafood can occasionally result in food-bome illnesses due to the proliferation of indigenous pathogens like Vibrio. Of the l2 pathogenic Vibrio species, 8 species are known to be directly food associated. Strict quality guidelines have been laid by the importing nations, for the food products that enter their markets. The microbiological quality requirement for export of frozen shrimp products is that V.cholerae, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus should be absent in 25g of the processed shrimp (Export Inspection Council of India, 1995). The mere presence of these pathogenic Vibrios is sufficient for the rejection of the exported product.The export rejections cause serious economic loss to the shrimp industry and might harm the brand image of the shrimp products from the county. There is a need for an independent study on the incidence of different pathogenic vibrios in shrimp aquaculture and investigate their biochemical characteristics to have a better understanding about the growth and survival of these organisms in the shrimp aquaculture niche. PCR based methods (conventional PCR, duplex PCR, multiplex-PCR and Real Time PCR) for the detection of the pathogenic Vibrios is important for rapid post-harvest quality assessment.

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During the past 20 years, aquaculture industry has been growing tremendously, especially that of marine fish, shrimps and bivalves. But, as with many other industries, this rapid growth has brought with it the problem of environmental pollution. Contamination of coastal waters due to aquaculture is posing serious concerns among law makers as well as scientists. The coastal environment has been seriously damaged, often resulting in disease outbreaks. Recently, shrimp culture all over the world has been frequently affected by viral and bacterial diseases inflicting huge loss. In China, the production of shrimps decreased seriously. The production of shrimps was 200,000 tons in 1992, but was only 55,000 tons in 1994. Pathogenic microorganisms implicated in these outbreaks were viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma, algae, fungi and protozoan parasites. For preventing and controlling diseases, a host of antibiotics, pesticides and other chemicals were used possibly creating antibiotic resistant bacteria, persistence of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in aquatic environment and creating human health hazards. Thus, how to improve the ecological environment of aquaculture has become the focus of attention of international aquaculture.
Now, researchers are trying to use probiotic bacteria in aquaculture to improve water quality by balancing bacterial population in water and reducing pathogenic bacterial load. Researchers are increasingly paying more attention to this new approach (ecological aquaculture ), and have made considerable headway. This review, on the basis of the new research findings in probiotics applied to aquaculture, analyze and summarize the mechanism of probiotic action in aquaculture.

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To better understand the limits of feed enzyme usage, the fundamental characteristics of enzymes need to be considered first. Enzymes are highly effective biological catalysts capable of accelerating chemical reactions millions of times over, in some cases. Chemically, they are proteins with a highly complex three-dimensional molecular structure. The protein nature of enzymes has important implications for their stability during high-temperature feed manufacture and transit through the gastrointestinal tract. As proteins, they can be denatured by heat and pH and they can also be subject to proteolysis by digestive enzymes.

A unique feature of enzymes is their high substrate-specificity. Each enzyme breaks down highly specific substrates at specific reaction sites. Thus, to achieve maximal benefits from enzyme addition, it is necessary to ensure that the enzymes are chosen on the basis of substrates in the ingredients used in feed formulations. In addition, several reaction conditions needs to be met for the enzyme to act, these include moisture content, temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration.

Moisture Content.

Enzymes require an aqueous environment to act. Moisture is possibly essential for the mobility of the enzyme, solubility of the substrate and enzyme, or both.

Temperature.

In general, activity increases up to 40°C and then sharply declines due to the loss of structure through denaturing, which renders the enzyme inactive.

pH.

Most enzymes are denatured at low- and high-pH environments. In general, the optimum pH for most enzymes is around 4 to 6.

 

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Fish culture in rice fields

Fish culture in rice fields may be attempted in two ways, viz. simultaneous culture and rotation culture.

Simultaneous culture:

• Rice and fish are cultivated together in rice plots, and this is known as simultaneous culture.
• Rice fields of 0.1ha area may be economical. Normally four rice plots of 250 m² (25 X 10 m) each may be formed in such an area. In each plot, a ditch of 0.75 m width and 0.5 m depth is dug.
• The dykes enclosing rice plots may be 0.3 m high and 0.3 m wide and strengthened by embedding straw.
• The water depth of the rice plot may vary from 5 - 25 cm depending on the type of rice and size and species of fish to be cultured.
• Five days after transplantation of rice, fish fry are stocked at the rate of 5000/ha or fingerlings at the rate of 2000/ha. The stocking density can be doubled if supplemental feed is given daily.

The simultaneous fish – rice culture may have few limitations

1. Use of agrochemicals is often not feasible
2. Maintaining high water level may not be always possible, considering the size and growth of fish.
3. Fish like grass carp may feed on rice seedling, and
4. Fish like common carp and tilapia may uproot the rice seedlings. However, these constraints may be overcome through judicious management.

2. Rotational culture of rice and fish:

• In this system fish and rice are cultivated alternately. The rice field is converted into a temporary fish pond after the harvest.
• This practice is favoured over the simultaneous culture practice as it permits the use of insecticides and herbicides for rice production.
• A greater water depth up to 60 cm can be maintained throughout the fish culture period.
• One or two weeks after rice harvest, the field is prepared for fish culture.
• The stocking densities of fry or fingerlings for this practice could be 20,000/ha and 6,000/ha respectively.

Before trying the above FISH CULTURE IN RICE FIELDS take expert advice.

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In 2006, global aquaculture production reached 66.7 million tonnes, growing at an annual rate of 9 per cent, while increasing its proportional contribution to total fisheries output. Excluding aquatic plants, aquaculture output in 1970 accounted for 3.9 per cent of total fisheries production, by 2001 that proportion had increased to 29 per cent and by 2006 to 36 per cent (FAO, 2008a). Thus, aquaculture continues to make a significant contribution to total fisheries production over the last few decades. This increasing contribution, however, is largely an Asian phenomenon because Asia accounted for 61.43 million tonnes or 92 per cent of total world aquaculture production in 2006, while Europe contributed 2.17 million tonnes or 2.2 per cent (Figure 1). In terms of value, the Asian region’s share was US$68.61 million or 80 per cent of total value of world aquaculture production. The Asian contribution is significantly influenced and skewed by China. When China is excluded, the Asian contribution to total world aquaculture production drops dramatically to 24.2 per cent in terms of quantity and 29 per cent in terms of value -  species of aquatic animals and plants are currently cultured worldwide, in a vast range of production systems, ranging from low-input extensive systems to high-input intensive aquafarms in ponds, caged enclosures and tanks. In broad terms, aquaculture production systems used for producing these aquatic animals and plants can be divided into feed-dependent systems or fed aquaculture (e.g. finfish and crustaceans) or non-fed aquaculture systems where culture is predominately dependent on the natural environment for food, e.g. aquatic plants and molluscs.

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WATER TREATMENT IN AQUACULTURE(SOLID REMOVAL)

The metabolic activity involved in converting fish feed to fish flesh produces waste products. These consist of suspended solids (SS) and dissolved nutrients. Suspended solids amount to approximately 25% of the feed used, on a dry matter basis. The principles involved are applicable to both flow-through and recirculation farms. Removal of suspended solids from flow-through fish farms has different requirements from other water treatment processes such as those handling sewage, pig farm effluent or dirty water from a vegetable processing plant: concentrations of pollutants in fish farm effluent are relatively low and flow volumes are relatively high. These large water flow volumes require careful choice of systems to control costs
.
ORIGIN OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS

In a farm, suspended solids and dissolved nutrients originate from:
• Uneaten feed
• Fish metabolism producing faeces
• Solids carried into the farm with the flow from the external water source
• Growth of micro-algae and bacteria
FACTORS EFFECTING PRODUCTION OF SUSPENDING SOLIDS
Production of suspended solids within a fish farm is affected by a range of factors, including:
• Feed quality
• Rate of feeding
• Feeding method
• Water exchange rate - Tank hydrology
• Fish stocking density
• Dissolved oxygen level
• Efficiency of farm management and skills of personnel
The amount of uneaten feed can be reduced by a careful feeding regime that provides the correct amount of feed, at the time the fish require it, and by husbandry that provides water quality suitable for feed conversion. Substantial improvements in feed conversion ratios, and reductions in the faeces generated, have been achieved by improving fish diets; for example, by using ingredients with high digestibility and diets that are matched to the requirements of the fish species. Selection of feed ingredients can influence the physical stability of faeces on their journey to the point where they are removed by sedimentation or filtration.

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During the past 20 years, aquaculture industry has been growing tremendously, especially that of marine fish, shrimps and bivalves. But, as with many other industries, this rapid growth has brought with it the problem of environmental pollution. Contamination of coastal waters due to aquaculture is posing serious concerns among law makers as well as scientists. The coastal environment has been seriously damaged, often resulting in disease outbreaks. Recently, shrimp culture all over the world has been frequently affected by viral and bacterial diseases inflicting huge loss. In China, the production of shrimps decreased seriously. The production of shrimps was 200,000 tons in 1992, but was only 55,000 tons in 1994. Pathogenic microorganisms implicated in these outbreaks were viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma, algae, fungi and protozoan parasites. For preventing and controlling diseases, a host of antibiotics, pesticides and other chemicals were used possibly creating antibiotic resistant bacteria, persistence of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in aquatic environment and creating human health hazards. Thus, how to improve the ecological environment of aquaculture has become the focus of attention of international aquaculture.

Now, researchers are trying to use probiotic bacteria in aquaculture to improve water quality by balancing bacterial population in water and reducing pathogenic bacterial load. Researchers are increasingly paying more attention to this new approach (ecological aquaculture ), and have made considerable headway. This review, on the basis of the new research findings in probiotics applied to aquaculture, analyze and summarize the mechanism of probiotic action in aquaculture.

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Zeolite is a naturally occurring deposit (i.e. rock!) that has a fairly unique structure which is highly porous whilst also allowing for rapid uptake and loosing of charged particles. Therein lies the relevance of zeolite to aquaculture; when placed in water zeolite filters ammonia out of the water and holds it inside its'' porous structure.  As ammonia is highly toxic to fish this is a very useful way of reducing ammonia concentration in water. The ability of zeolite to absorb ammonia is not unlimited and once it reaches saturation it can be placed into a salt water solution to be recharged.  Here it conviniently exchanges the ammonia for sodium, making it again capable of absorbing further ammonia when moved out of the salt solution to a freshwater solution.  This charging and removing of ammonia from the zeolite can be repeated many times prior to the zeolite become clogged and useless. C-MAX BOI SCIENCES Producing ZEOLITE GRANULES (Round shaped) and zeolite powder for aquaculture use and also for other industries.

Zeolite is often used when transporting fish for a period of several hours to avoid the ammonia accumulation in the bags or transport tank from reaching toxic levels.  This is probably the most common function of the substance.  It can also be used when setting up a new recirculating system or tank to maintain low ammonia levels while the biofilter is maturing. Occassionally zeolite is used in reef aquarium to polish the water of unwanted particles other than ammonia.   It is illogical to use zeolite in a biofilter as the filter media because the ammonia sponge capacity will reach saturation, whereafter no more ammonia will be taken up.  At this point the zeolite will be colonised by filter bacteria and function just as any other porous biofilter media. The danger exists though that at a point in time you may decide to treat the tank with salt to kill off a parasite that has entered the tank or pond, and the ammonia will then be released from the zeolite into the water stressing the fish. Be aware when purchasing zeolite that not all zeolites are equal.  The geomorphological conditions present at the time when it formed determine the chemical structure of the zeolite, and this in turn decides whether they have an affinity for ammonia or other salts such as calcium or magnesium.  

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The successful entrepreneurship of aqua farming relies on the production of aquatic animals in the cost effective, social and environmental friendly approach. Nevertheless, presently fish farming is suffering from various problems related to these. Biofloc technology and/or application of probiotics provide promising results to aquaculture in terms of improvement in the growth and survival of aquatic animals, along with other benefits such as maintaining water quality without causing pollution to the environment. Biofloc is mainly comprised of various beneficial microbial communities, but the action of some probiotics it contains is unknown. On the other hand, probiotics are single, known live microbial strains and their actions to the animals are well established. Therefore, probiotics are recognized for having the most important constituents in the aquaculture. Although biofloc method and probiotics applications are promised to have positive roles aforementioned, the fish welfare often disturbed as the survival of the animals are always less in the fish farming. These led researchers to try generate a new technique to minimize these concerns. Recently new strategy of integrating both biofloc and probiotics were introduced called the exogenous addition of known probiotic bacteria to the biofloc. The study was demonstrated in the area by keeping biofloc as a control. Results promised that addition of single or combination of known probiotics to the biofloc further improve the growth performance of animals in addition with the maintenance of water quality parameters. Besides they also were promising the highest survival to animals with the reduction of pathogenic microbes. An exogenous root of probiotic bacteria on biofloc based aquaculture is a novel approach; relatively less number of studies has been performed in the area.

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